What Paper 4 covers

History lesson first

The old Paper 3 bundled this material with even more and became the exam's graveyard — a 96% failure rate in one sitting, and an Ombud investigation. The new structure gives the content room to breathe. It still demands respect.

The scope (from the LPC syllabus)

• Ethics: the seven universal ethical principles (honesty, trustworthiness, loyalty, respect for others, adherence to the law, doing good and avoiding harm, accountability — the one list the syllabus says to memorise), the Code of Conduct of 29 March 2019 (s 3 general provisions, s 56 on the scope and limits of cross-examination), and what to do with a hopeless case
• Constitutional practice: jurisdiction of the courts in constitutional matters, the Rules and Directives of the Constitutional Court, the "eleven ways" to reach the CC, enforcing constitutional rights, applying the Bill of Rights and the limitations clause, and the Citation of Constitutional Laws Act
• Labour dispute resolution: the LRA, BCEA and EEA; identifying employees vs independent contractors; dismissals under Chapter VIII and Schedule 8; Form 2 referrals and Form 4 applications in the Labour Court
• ADR: Rule 41A in practice, negotiation, mediation, arbitration (the Arbitration Act and International Arbitration Act), and when each is appropriate — including the hard questions about arbitration and organs of state
• Customary law: the constitutional framework, living vs official customary law (the Bhe anomaly), customary marriages and succession